View source for Hydrops fetalis

==Background==
*Accumulation of edema in at least two fetal compartments
*Usually stems from fetal anemia
*Immune vs Non-Immune

==Clinical Features==
*Occurs during gestation, may be maternally asymptomatic or present as [[spontaneous abortion]], or patient (mother) may have sings/symptoms of pathology that caused hydrops
*Fetal/neonatal edema is typically located in:
**Subcutaneous tissue/scalp
**Pleura ([[pleural effusion]])
**Pericardium ([[pericardial effusion]])
**Abdomen ([[ascites]])

==Complications==
*Spontaneous abortions
*Poor fetal outcomes

==Causes==
===Immune===
*Rh disease
**RhD-negative mothers during pregnancy and/or within 72 hours of the delivery '''OR''' vaginal bleeding
**Prevention with administration of anti-D IgG ([[Rho(D) Immune Globulin]]) injections 
===Non-Immune===
*Iron deficiency [[anemia]]
*[[Parvovirus B19]] (Fifth's Disease)
*[[CMV]]
*[[Syphilis]]

==Evaluation==
*[[pelvic ultrasound|Ultrasound]] screening

==Management==
*OBGYN Consultation/Referral
*Rh Status 
*Iron for all pregnant women

==Also See==
*[[Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth disease)]]
*[[Kawasaki Disease]]
*[[Rho(D) Immune Globulin (RhoGAM)]]

==References==
<references/>
*Uptodate
*Bellini C, Hennekam RC. Non-immune hydrops fetalis: a short review of etiology and pathophysiology. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:597.
*Haile-Mariam T, Polis MA: Viral Illnesses, in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed. 7. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2010, (Ch) 128: p.1712.

[[Category:OBGYN]]