Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome - Revision history

Danbot: Add peer-reviewed references with PMIDs

2026-03-22T09:57:51Z

Add peer-reviewed references with PMIDs

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, 22 March 2026
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	==Background==		==Background==
	*Clinical-radiographic syndrome characterized by '''headache, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered mental status''' with '''vasogenic edema''' predominantly in posterior brain regions		*Clinical-radiographic syndrome characterized by '''headache, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered mental status''' with '''vasogenic edema''' predominantly in posterior brain regions<ref>Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(9):914-925. PMID 26184985</ref>
	*Previously known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS)		*Previously known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS)
	*Usually reversible with prompt treatment of underlying cause, but can be irreversible if untreated (cytotoxic edema, hemorrhage)		*Usually reversible with prompt treatment of underlying cause, but can be irreversible if untreated (cytotoxic edema, hemorrhage)

Danbot: Strip excess bold

2026-03-22T09:26:50Z

Strip excess bold

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 22 March 2026
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	*Clinical-radiographic syndrome characterized by '''headache, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered mental status''' with '''vasogenic edema''' predominantly in posterior brain regions		*Clinical-radiographic syndrome characterized by '''headache, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered mental status''' with '''vasogenic edema''' predominantly in posterior brain regions
	*Previously known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS)		*Previously known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS)
	*~~'''~~Usually reversible~~'''~~ with prompt treatment of underlying cause, but ~~'''~~can be irreversible~~'''~~ if untreated (cytotoxic edema, hemorrhage)		*Usually reversible with prompt treatment of underlying cause, but can be irreversible if untreated (cytotoxic edema, hemorrhage)
	*Pathophysiology (two proposed mechanisms):		*Pathophysiology (two proposed mechanisms):
	**~~'''~~Hypertensive theory~~'''~~: severe hypertension exceeds cerebral autoregulation → hyperperfusion → vasogenic edema (posterior brain more vulnerable due to less sympathetic innervation)		**Hypertensive theory: severe hypertension exceeds cerebral autoregulation → hyperperfusion → vasogenic edema (posterior brain more vulnerable due to less sympathetic innervation)
	**~~'''~~Endothelial dysfunction theory~~'''~~: direct endothelial injury from toxins, medications, or autoimmune activation → blood-brain barrier disruption → vasogenic edema		**Endothelial dysfunction theory: direct endothelial injury from toxins, medications, or autoimmune activation → blood-brain barrier disruption → vasogenic edema

	===Common Causes===		===Common Causes===
	*'''Hypertensive emergency''' (most common; including [[eclampsia]]/[[preeclampsia]])		*'''Hypertensive emergency''' (most common; including [[eclampsia]]/[[preeclampsia]])
	*~~'''~~Immunosuppressive/cytotoxic medications~~'''~~: cyclosporine, tacrolimus, cisplatin, bevacizumab, methotrexate		*Immunosuppressive/cytotoxic medications: cyclosporine, tacrolimus, cisplatin, bevacizumab, methotrexate
	*~~'''~~Autoimmune conditions~~'''~~: [[SLE]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]]		*Autoimmune conditions: [[SLE]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
	*~~'''~~Renal failure~~'''~~ (especially with fluid overload)		*Renal failure (especially with fluid overload)
	*[[Eclampsia]]/[[preeclampsia]] (~~'''~~most common cause in young women~~'''~~)		*[[Eclampsia]]/[[preeclampsia]] (most common cause in young women)
	*[[Sepsis]], [[shock]], organ transplantation		*[[Sepsis]], [[shock]], organ transplantation

	==Clinical Features==		==Clinical Features==
	*~~'''~~Headache~~'''~~ (most common presenting symptom)		*Headache (most common presenting symptom)
	*~~'''~~Seizures~~'''~~ (60-75% of cases; may be the presenting feature)		*Seizures (60-75% of cases; may be the presenting feature)
	*~~'''~~Visual disturbances~~'''~~: blurred vision, cortical blindness, visual neglect, homonymous hemianopia		*Visual disturbances: blurred vision, cortical blindness, visual neglect, homonymous hemianopia
	*'''Altered mental status''': confusion, obtundation, decreased alertness		*'''Altered mental status''': confusion, obtundation, decreased alertness
	*~~'''~~Focal neurologic deficits~~'''~~ (less common but can occur)		*Focal neurologic deficits (less common but can occur)
	*~~'''~~Hypertension~~'''~~ (present in 70-80% but ~~'''~~PRES can occur with normal BP~~'''~~ in 20-30% of cases)		*Hypertension (present in 70-80% but PRES can occur with normal BP in 20-30% of cases)
	*Nausea, vomiting		*Nausea, vomiting

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	==Evaluation==		==Evaluation==
	===MRI (Diagnostic Study of Choice)===		===MRI (Diagnostic Study of Choice)===
	*~~'''~~MRI with FLAIR and DWI~~'''~~ is the gold standard		*MRI with FLAIR and DWI is the gold standard
	*~~'''~~Classic pattern~~'''~~: bilateral, symmetric ~~'''~~vasogenic edema~~'''~~ in ~~'''~~parieto-occipital~~'''~~ white matter		*Classic pattern: bilateral, symmetric vasogenic edema in parieto-occipital white matter
	*~~'''~~FLAIR/T2~~'''~~: hyperintense signal in affected regions		*FLAIR/T2: hyperintense signal in affected regions
	*~~'''~~DWI/ADC~~'''~~: ~~'''~~elevated ADC~~'''~~ (vasogenic edema) vs restricted diffusion (cytotoxic edema → ~~'''~~worse prognosis~~'''~~)		*DWI/ADC: elevated ADC (vasogenic edema) vs restricted diffusion (cytotoxic edema → worse prognosis)
	*Atypical patterns (30-40%): frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, brainstem, unilateral, hemorrhagic		*Atypical patterns (30-40%): frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, brainstem, unilateral, hemorrhagic
	*~~'''~~Hemorrhage occurs in 5-15%~~'''~~ of cases (petechial or frank hemorrhage)		*Hemorrhage occurs in 5-15% of cases (petechial or frank hemorrhage)

	===CT Head===		===CT Head===
	*May show hypodensity in posterior regions but ~~'''~~sensitivity is low~~'''~~		*May show hypodensity in posterior regions but sensitivity is low
	*Useful to ~~'''~~rule out hemorrhage~~'''~~ or ~~'''~~ischemic stroke~~'''~~ initially		*Useful to rule out hemorrhage or ischemic stroke initially
	*If MRI unavailable, CT findings may be suggestive but are often subtle		*If MRI unavailable, CT findings may be suggestive but are often subtle

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	==Management==		==Management==
	===Blood Pressure Control (If Hypertensive)===		===Blood Pressure Control (If Hypertensive)===
	*~~'''~~Gradual reduction~~'''~~ — target ~~'''~~25% reduction in MAP in first few hours~~'''~~		*Gradual reduction — target 25% reduction in MAP in first few hours
	*~~'''~~Avoid precipitous drops~~'''~~ (risk of posterior circulation ischemia)		*Avoid precipitous drops (risk of posterior circulation ischemia)
	*Preferred agents:		*Preferred agents:
	**~~'''~~Nicardipine infusion~~'''~~ 5-15 mg/hr (easily titratable)		**Nicardipine infusion 5-15 mg/hr (easily titratable)
	**~~'''~~Labetalol~~'''~~ 10-20 mg IV q10-20min		**Labetalol 10-20 mg IV q10-20min
	*If ~~'''~~eclampsia~~'''~~: ~~'''~~magnesium sulfate~~'''~~ is first-line for seizure prevention (see [[eclampsia]])		*If eclampsia: magnesium sulfate is first-line for seizure prevention (see [[eclampsia]])

	===Seizure Management===		===Seizure Management===
	*~~'''~~Benzodiazepines~~'''~~ for acute seizures (lorazepam 2-4 mg IV)		*Benzodiazepines for acute seizures (lorazepam 2-4 mg IV)
	*AEDs for ongoing seizure prophylaxis (levetiracetam preferred)		*AEDs for ongoing seizure prophylaxis (levetiracetam preferred)
	*If eclampsia: ~~'''~~magnesium sulfate~~'''~~ (primary treatment)		*If eclampsia: magnesium sulfate (primary treatment)
	*Most seizures resolve with BP control and treatment of underlying cause		*Most seizures resolve with BP control and treatment of underlying cause

	===Treat Underlying Cause===		===Treat Underlying Cause===
	*~~'''~~Discontinue or reduce offending medication~~'''~~ (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, chemotherapy)		*Discontinue or reduce offending medication (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, chemotherapy)
	*~~'''~~Delivery~~'''~~ for eclampsia/preeclampsia with severe features		*Delivery for eclampsia/preeclampsia with severe features
	*Treat [[sepsis]], [[renal failure]], autoimmune flare as indicated		*Treat [[sepsis]], [[renal failure]], autoimmune flare as indicated
	*Dialysis for uremic patients		*Dialysis for uremic patients
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	*Continuous BP monitoring (arterial line preferred)		*Continuous BP monitoring (arterial line preferred)
	*Serial neurologic exams		*Serial neurologic exams
	*~~'''~~Repeat MRI~~'''~~ at 1-2 weeks to confirm resolution of edema		*Repeat MRI at 1-2 weeks to confirm resolution of edema

	==Prognosis==		==Prognosis==
	*~~'''~~Majority of cases are fully reversible~~'''~~ within days to weeks with appropriate treatment		*Majority of cases are fully reversible within days to weeks with appropriate treatment
	*~~'''~~Risk factors for poor outcome~~'''~~:		*Risk factors for poor outcome:
	**Restricted diffusion on DWI (cytotoxic edema → infarction)		**Restricted diffusion on DWI (cytotoxic edema → infarction)
	**Hemorrhage		**Hemorrhage
	**Delayed diagnosis and treatment		**Delayed diagnosis and treatment
	**~~'''~~Untreated PRES can progress to permanent brain injury~~'''~~		**Untreated PRES can progress to permanent brain injury

	==Disposition==		==Disposition==
	*~~'''~~Admit to ICU~~'''~~ for BP monitoring, seizure management, and neurologic observation		*Admit to ICU for BP monitoring, seizure management, and neurologic observation
	*Neurology consultation		*Neurology consultation
	*Nephrology if drug-related (immunosuppressant dose adjustment)		*Nephrology if drug-related (immunosuppressant dose adjustment)

Danbot: Major expansion: MRI FLAIR/DWI interpretation, atypical patterns, causes (eclampsia/immunosuppressants), BP targets, prognostic factors, DWI restricted diffusion significance, references with PMIDs

2026-03-21T20:01:50Z

Major expansion: MRI FLAIR/DWI interpretation, atypical patterns, causes (eclampsia/immunosuppressants), BP targets, prognostic factors, DWI restricted diffusion significance, references with PMIDs

Show changes

Patricklin at 16:23, 9 February 2024

2024-02-09T16:23:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:23, 9 February 2024
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	==Background==		==Background==
	*~~Abbreviation:~~ PRES		*PRES, a rare syndrome characterized by acute neurological symptoms due to vasogenic edema in the posterior brain
	*Risk factors include: [[malignant hypertension]], immunosuppression, ~~[[eclampsia]]~~		**Somewhat of a misnomer as changes seen on MRI are not limited to the posterior fossa and symptoms are not always reversible
	*Poorly understood entity, but thought to be due to ~~failure of cerebral auto-regulation~~ in ~~which~~ the brain ~~sees too high of systemic pressures leading to vasogenic edema~~
	*Somewhat of a misnomer as changes seen on MRI are not limited to the posterior fossa and symptoms are not always reversible
	**Renamed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) by the American Academy of Neurology		**Renamed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) by the American Academy of Neurology
			*Risk factors: [[malignant hypertension]], kidney disease, autoimmune disease, immunosuppression, [[eclampsia]]
			*Poorly understood entity, but thought to be due to 2 theoretical mechanisms:<ref>Zelaya JE, Al-Khoury L. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. [Updated 2022 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.</ref>
			**Hypertension-hyperperfusion: Hypertensive emergency causes vascular extravasation of fluid and vasogenic edema
			**Endothelial dysfunction: Autoimmune or cytotoxic etiologies lead to endothelial dysfunction, leading to increased vascular permeability and edema
			*Epidemiolgy: Most frequently in middle-aged females, which may be related to underlying disease<ref>Fischer M, Schmutzhard E. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neurol. 2017 Aug;264(8):1608-1616. doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8377-8. Epub 2017 Jan 4. PMID: 28054130; PMCID: PMC5533845.</ref>
			*Prognosis: While many case reports suggest PRES is benign and fully reversible, the consequences of PRES, including intracerebral hemorrhage or extensive intracerebral edema, can result in residual neurologic deficits

	[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]		[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]

	==Clinical Features<ref>Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628</ref>==		==Clinical Features<ref>Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628</ref>==
	*[[Seizures]]		*Onset may range from hours to days
			*[[Seizures]], including [[status epilepticus]]
			*[[Encephalopathy]], ranging from mild [[altered mental status]] to [[coma]]
			*[[Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)\|Visual disturbances]]
	*[[Hypertension]]		*[[Hypertension]]
	*~~[[Encephalopathy]]/[[Altered Mental Status]]~~		**Note that some proportion of patients may not exhibit significant hypertension; of note, a significant proportion of patients also had no known pre-existing hypertension<ref>Fugate JE, Claassen DO, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Kozak OS, Rabinstein AA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: associated clinical and radiologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 May;85(5):427-32. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0590. PMID: 20435835; PMCID: PMC2861971.</ref>
	*~~[[Acute Vision Loss~~ (~~Noninflamed~~)~~\|Visual Disturbances]]~~		*[[Headache]], [[vomiting]], or other focal neurological deficits
	*[[~~Vomiting~~]]
	*[[~~Headache~~]]

	==Differential Diagnosis<ref name="Garg">Garg RK (January 2001). "Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". Postgrad Med J 77 (903): 24–8. doi:10.1136/pmj.77.903.24. PMC 1741870. PMID 11123390</ref>==		==Differential Diagnosis<ref name="Garg">Garg RK (January 2001). "Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". Postgrad Med J 77 (903): 24–8. doi:10.1136/pmj.77.903.24. PMC 1741870. PMID 11123390</ref>==
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	==Evaluation==		==Evaluation==
			*[[CT head]] to rule out other etiologies
			*[[brain MRI\|MRI]] often shows symmetrical cerebral edema, showing as hyperintensities on T2-weighted image in the posterior circulation, most commonly in the parietal-occipital areas<ref name="Garg"/>
			**However, any brain region can be involved, including the frontal and temporal lobes
	*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion		*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion
	*[[~~brain MRI\|MRI~~]] ~~shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>~~		*Consider [[lumbar puncture]] if there is a concern for [[meningitis]] or [[encephalitis]]
			*May require EEG for detection of status epilepticus

	==Management==		==Management==
	*[[Hypertensive Emergency#Treatment\|Control Blood Pressure]]		*Treat the underlying etiology
	*Discontinue immunosuppressants		*[[Hypertensive Emergency#Treatment\|Control Blood Pressure]], considering gradual reduction to avoid sudden hypoperfusion
			*Discontinue immunosuppressants or cytotoxic medications
			*Standard seizure management, if seizures are present
			*In cases related to [[Preeclampsia]] or [[HELLP syndrome]], consider early OB/GYN consultation for delivery<ref>Parasher A, Jhamb R. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Postgrad Med J. 2020 Oct;96(1140):623-628. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137706. Epub 2020 May 28. PMID: 32467104.</ref>

	==Disposition==		==Disposition==
	*Admit		*Admit
			**Consider ICU for blood pressure titration, obtunded state, status epilepticus, intracranial hemorrhage, or other serious sequelae

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Cdichang: /* Background */

2020-05-16T09:16:08Z

Background

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 16 May 2020
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	*Poorly understood entity, but thought to be due to failure of cerebral auto-regulation in which the brain sees too high of systemic pressures leading to vasogenic edema		*Poorly understood entity, but thought to be due to failure of cerebral auto-regulation in which the brain sees too high of systemic pressures leading to vasogenic edema
	*Somewhat of a misnomer as changes seen on MRI are not limited to the posterior fossa and symptoms are not always reversible		*Somewhat of a misnomer as changes seen on MRI are not limited to the posterior fossa and symptoms are not always reversible
	**Renamed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) by the American Academy of Neurology.		**Renamed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) by the American Academy of Neurology

	[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]		[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]

Gpowellhb: /* Background */

2020-02-13T17:49:57Z

Background

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 13 February 2020
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	*Abbreviation: PRES		*Abbreviation: PRES
	*Risk factors include: [[malignant hypertension]], immunosuppression, [[eclampsia]]		*Risk factors include: [[malignant hypertension]], immunosuppression, [[eclampsia]]
			*Poorly understood entity, but thought to be due to failure of cerebral auto-regulation in which the brain sees too high of systemic pressures leading to vasogenic edema
			*Somewhat of a misnomer as changes seen on MRI are not limited to the posterior fossa and symptoms are not always reversible
			**Renamed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) by the American Academy of Neurology.

	[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]		[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]

ClaireLewis at 00:21, 2 October 2019

2019-10-02T00:21:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:21, 2 October 2019
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	==Background==		==Background==
	*Abbreviation: PRES		*Abbreviation: PRES
	*Risk factors include: malignant hypertension, immunosuppression, eclampsia		*Risk factors include: [[malignant hypertension]], immunosuppression, [[eclampsia]]

	[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]		[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]
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	*[[Seizures]]		*[[Seizures]]
	*[[Hypertension]]		*[[Hypertension]]
	*Encephalopathy/[[Altered Mental Status]]		*[[Encephalopathy]]/[[Altered Mental Status]]
	*[[Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)\|Visual Disturbances]]		*[[Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)\|Visual Disturbances]]
	*[[Vomiting]]		*[[Vomiting]]
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	**[[Hepatic Encephalopathy]]		**[[Hepatic Encephalopathy]]
	**[[Hyponatremia]]		**[[Hyponatremia]]
	**Porphyria		**[[Porphyria]]
	*Demyelinating Disorders		*Demyelinating Disorders (e.g. [[MS]])
	**[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\|SLE]]		**[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\|SLE]]
	*Psychiatric disorder		*Psychiatric disorder
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	==Evaluation==		==Evaluation==
	*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion		*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion
	*MRI shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>		*[[brain MRI\|MRI]] shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>

	==Management==		==Management==
	*[[Hypertensive Emergency#Treatment\|Control Blood Pressure]]		*[[Hypertensive Emergency#Treatment\|Control Blood Pressure]]
	*Discontinue ~~immunosupprants~~		*Discontinue immunosuppressants

	==Disposition==		==Disposition==

Mholtz at 17:14, 28 June 2017

2017-06-28T17:14:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 28 June 2017
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	==Background==		==Background==
	*Abbreviation: PRES		*Abbreviation: PRES
	*~~Newly recognized~~, ~~described in 1996<ref> Hinchey J~~, ~~et al. "A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". PMID 8559202</ref>~~		*Risk factors include: malignant hypertension, immunosuppression, eclampsia
	*Cardiac transplant patients are at high risk, with relative hypertension and on immunosuppressants

	~~===Caused by===~~		[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperdense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]
	*[[~~Hypertensive Emergency~~\|~~Hypertensive Encephalopathy]]~~
	*Immunosuppresion
	*[[Renal Failure\|~~Uremia~~]] ~~with hypertension~~

	==Clinical Features<ref>Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628</ref>==		==Clinical Features<ref>Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628</ref>==
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	==Evaluation==		==Evaluation==
	[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperintense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]
	*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion		*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion
	*MRI shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>		*MRI shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>
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	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[[Hypertensive ~~Emergency~~]]		*[[Hypertensive emergency]]
	*[[Eclampsia]]		*[[Eclampsia]]

Rossdonaldson1: /* Evaluation */

2017-06-27T17:48:08Z

Evaluation

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:48, 27 June 2017
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	==Evaluation==		==Evaluation==
			[[File:Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome MRI.jpg\|thumb\|Magnetic resonance image showing multiple cortico-subcortical areas of hyperintense signal involving the occipital and parietal lobes bilaterally and pons in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome]]
	*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion		*Focus on [[Altered Mental Status#Work-Up\|altered mental status workup]], with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion
	*MRI shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>		*MRI shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation<ref name="Garg"/>

Rossdonaldson1: /* Clinical FeaturesStaykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628 */

2017-04-27T10:21:29Z

Clinical FeaturesStaykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:21, 27 April 2017
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	*Encephalopathy/[[Altered Mental Status]]		*Encephalopathy/[[Altered Mental Status]]
	*[[Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)\|Visual Disturbances]]		*[[Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)\|Visual Disturbances]]
	*Vomiting		*[[Vomiting]]
	*[[Headache]]		*[[Headache]]