Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* | *Abbreviation: PRES | ||
*Newly recognized, described in 1996<ref> Hinchey J, et al. "A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". PMID 8559202</ref> | *Newly recognized, described in 1996<ref> Hinchey J, et al. "A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". PMID 8559202</ref> | ||
*Cardiac transplant patients are at high risk, with relative hypertension and on immunosuppressants | |||
===Caused by=== | |||
*[[Hypertensive Emergency|Hypertensive Encephalopathy]] | |||
*Immunosuppresion | |||
*[[Renal Failure|Uremia]] with hypertension | |||
==Clinical Features<ref>Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628</ref>== | ==Clinical Features<ref>Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628</ref>== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 46: | ||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
*Admit | *Admit | ||
Revision as of 10:19, 27 April 2017
Background
- Abbreviation: PRES
- Newly recognized, described in 1996[1]
- Cardiac transplant patients are at high risk, with relative hypertension and on immunosuppressants
Caused by
- Hypertensive Encephalopathy
- Immunosuppresion
- Uremia with hypertension
Clinical Features[2]
- Seizures
- Hypertension
- Encephalopathy/Altered Mental Status
- Visual Disturbances
- Vomiting
- Headache
Differential Diagnosis[3]
- Eclampsia
- Vascular
- Infectious
- Metabolic
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Hyponatremia
- Porphyria
- Demyelinating Disorders
- Psychiatric disorder
Seizure
- Epileptic seizure
- First-time seizure
- Seizure with known seizure disorder
- Status epilepticus
- Temporal lobe epilepsy
- Non-compliance with anti-epileptic medications
- Hyponatremia
- INH toxicity
- Non-epileptic seizure
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Brain abscess
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal
- Barbiturate withdrawal
- Baclofen withdrawal
- Metabolic abnormalities: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic failure, uremia
- Eclampsia
- Neurocysticercosis
- Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
- Impact seizure (head trauma)
- Acute hydrocephalus
- Arteriovenous malformation
- Seizure with VP shunt
- Toxic ingestion (amphetamines, anticholinergics, cocaine, INH, organophosphates, TCA, salicylates, lithium, phenothiazines, bupropion, camphor, clozapine, cyclosporine, fluoroquinolones, imipenem, lead, lidocaine, metronidazole, synthetic cannabinoids, theophylline, Starfruit)
- Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure (pseudoseizure)
- Intracranial mass
- Syncope
- Hyperventilation syndrome
- Migraine headache
- Movement disorders
- Narcolepsy/cataplexy
- Post-hypoxic myoclonus (Status myoclonicus)
Evaluation
- Focus on altered mental status workup, with PRES as diagnosis of exclusion
- MRI shows cerebral edema, especially in posterior circulation[3]
Management
- Control Blood Pressure
- Discontinue immunosupprants
Disposition
- Admit
See Also
References
- ↑ Hinchey J, et al. "A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". PMID 8559202
- ↑ Staykov D. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome". PMID 21257628
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Garg RK (January 2001). "Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome". Postgrad Med J 77 (903): 24–8. doi:10.1136/pmj.77.903.24. PMC 1741870. PMID 11123390