Botulism: Difference between revisions
 
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==Adult Botulism==
==Adult Botulism==
===Background===
===Background===
#Clostridium botulinum produces toxin that blocks Ach release from presynaptic membrane
*''Clostridium botulinum'' produces toxin that blocks Ach release from presynaptic membrane
#Cases due to:
**Ingestion of preformed heat-labile toxin
##Improper canning
*Cases due to:
##Black-tar heroin use
**Improper (home) canning
##Wound infection (contaminated wounds, C-section, tooth abscess, sinus infection)
**Black-tar heroin use
#Symptoms begin 6-48hr after exposure
**Wound infection (contaminated wounds, C-section, tooth abscess, sinus infection)
*Symptoms begin 6-48 hr after exposure


===Clinical Features===
===Clinical Features===
#GI
[[File:Botulism1and2.png|thumb|A fully conscious patient with botulism causing weakness of the eye muscles and the drooping eyelids (left) and dilated and non-reactive pupils (right).]]
##N/V, abd cramps, diarrhea or constipation
[[File:PMC3223485 eplasty11e47 fig5.png|thumb|Six-week-old infant with botulism, demonstrating marked loss of muscle tone especially in the head and neck.]]
##Not seen in pts who contract botulism from heroin or contaminated wound
[[File:Infant botulism patient.jpeg|thumb|Infant botulismː despite not being asleep or sedated, he cannot open his eyes or move; he also has a weak cry.]]
#Paralysis
*GI
##Descending, symmetric
**nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea or constipation
##Cranial nerves and bublar muscles are affected first: diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia
**Not seen in patients who contract botulism from heroin or contaminated wound
###Will progress to respiratory depression if not treated
*Neuro
#Anticholinergic signs
**Vertigo is common
##Urinary retention, dry skin/eyes, hyperthermia
**Symmetrical '''descending''' weakness leading to flaccid paralysis
#Dilated pupils (in contrast to pts w/ MG)
**Cranial nerves and bublar muscles are affected first: [[Diplopia | diplopia]], dysarthria, dysphagia, poor gag reflex
**Blurred vision and ptosis
**Decreased deep tendon reflexes
***Will progress to respiratory depression if not treated
*Anticholinergic signs
**Decreased salivation: due to cholinergic fiber blockage
***Dry mouth, painful tongue, sore throat
**Urinary retention, dry skin/eyes, hyperthermia
*Dilated pupils (in contrast to patients with MG)


==Infantile Botulism==
==Infantile Botulism==
===Background===
===Background===
*Due to consumption of botulinum spores (usually from honey)
*Due to consumption of botulinum spores
**Ingestion of honey, corn syrup, and vacuum/environmental dust
**Higher GI tract pH of infants makes them more susceptible
**Higher GI tract pH of infants makes them more susceptible
*Most cases occur in <1yr, 90% occur in <6m
*Most cases occur in <1 yr, 90% occur in <6 mo


===Clinical Features===
===Clinical Features===
#GI
*Floppy Baby Syndrome
##Constipation
**Loss of facial expression
##Poor feeding
**Noticeable neck and peripheral weakness
#Lethargy
*GI symptoms
#Weak cry
**Poor feeding
#Floppy infant
**Constipation
**Decreased suckling
*Other
**Lethargy
**Weak cry


==DDx==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#Myasthenia Gravis
{{Weakness DDX}}
#Lambert-Eaton
#Guillain-Barre
#Poliomyelitis
#Tick Paralysis
#Diphtheria
#Hyperthyroidism
#Paralytic fish poisoning
#Magnesium toxicitiy


==Treatment==
{{Bioterrorism agents}}
#Ventilatory support
##Consider intubation when VC <30% predicted or <12cc/kg
#Antitoxin/immune globulin
#Infant
##Supportive care only (no benefit from antitoxin or abx)
#Wound
##Antitoxin, wound irrigation & debridement, Pen G 10-20 mill units/day


==Dispostion==
==Management==
#Admit to ICU
'''Contact CDC Emergency Hotline 1-770-488-7100 for all suspected bioterrorism cases'''
 
{{Botulism treatment}}
 
==Disposition==
*Admit to ICU
*Consider ID Consult
 
==References==
<references/>


==See Also==
==See Also==
[[Bioterrorism]]
*[[Weakness]]
*[[Bioterrorism]]
*[[Clostridium]]


[[Category:ID]]
[[Category:ID]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:Peds]]

Latest revision as of 16:35, 7 September 2022

Adult Botulism

Background

  • Clostridium botulinum produces toxin that blocks Ach release from presynaptic membrane
    • Ingestion of preformed heat-labile toxin
  • Cases due to:
    • Improper (home) canning
    • Black-tar heroin use
    • Wound infection (contaminated wounds, C-section, tooth abscess, sinus infection)
  • Symptoms begin 6-48 hr after exposure

Clinical Features

A fully conscious patient with botulism causing weakness of the eye muscles and the drooping eyelids (left) and dilated and non-reactive pupils (right).
Six-week-old infant with botulism, demonstrating marked loss of muscle tone especially in the head and neck.
Infant botulismː despite not being asleep or sedated, he cannot open his eyes or move; he also has a weak cry.
  • GI
    • nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea or constipation
    • Not seen in patients who contract botulism from heroin or contaminated wound
  • Neuro
    • Vertigo is common
    • Symmetrical descending weakness leading to flaccid paralysis
    • Cranial nerves and bublar muscles are affected first: diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, poor gag reflex
    • Blurred vision and ptosis
    • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
      • Will progress to respiratory depression if not treated
  • Anticholinergic signs
    • Decreased salivation: due to cholinergic fiber blockage
      • Dry mouth, painful tongue, sore throat
    • Urinary retention, dry skin/eyes, hyperthermia
  • Dilated pupils (in contrast to patients with MG)

Infantile Botulism

Background

  • Due to consumption of botulinum spores
    • Ingestion of honey, corn syrup, and vacuum/environmental dust
    • Higher GI tract pH of infants makes them more susceptible
  • Most cases occur in <1 yr, 90% occur in <6 mo

Clinical Features

  • Floppy Baby Syndrome
    • Loss of facial expression
    • Noticeable neck and peripheral weakness
  • GI symptoms
    • Poor feeding
    • Constipation
    • Decreased suckling
  • Other
    • Lethargy
    • Weak cry

Differential Diagnosis

Weakness

Bioterrorism Agents[1]

Category A

Category B

  • Ricin
  • Brucellosis
  • Epsilon toxin
  • Psittacosis
  • Q Fever
  • Staph enterotoxin B
  • Typhus
  • Glanders
  • Melioidosis
  • Food safety threats
  • Water safety threats
  • Viral encephalitis

Category C

Management

Contact CDC Emergency Hotline 1-770-488-7100 for all suspected bioterrorism cases

Supportive Care

  • Early ventilatory support
    • Consider intubation when vital capacity <30% predicted or <12cc/kg
  • Wound Managment
    • Early wound debreedment with surgical consult.
    • Also exclude Necrotizing fasciitis and coverage with same broad antibiotic coverage

Foodborne Botulism

  • Equine Serum Botulism Antitoxin
    • only for patients > 1yo
  • Antitoxin obtained through CDC or local Department of Health.

Infant Botulism (<1yo)

  • Human-based Botulism IG 100mg/kg IV x 1 dose (BabyBIG)
    • infusion divided into 25mg/kg/hr IV x 15 min followed by 50mg/kg/hr if no allergic reactions
    • Stop infusion after total of 100mg/kg infused
  • BabyBIG obtained through CDC or local Department of Health

Inhalational Botulism

  • Equine Serum Botulism Antitoxin
    • only for patients > 1yo
  • Antitoxin obtained through CDC or local Department of Health

Wound Botulism

  • Individualize therapy with ID consultant
  • Broad antibiotic coverage same as for Necrotizing fasciitis while awaiting wound cultures

Disposition

  • Admit to ICU
  • Consider ID Consult

References

  1. ↑ https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/biodefenserelated/biodefense/pages/cata.aspx Accessed 02/26/16

See Also

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