Neonatal HSV

Background

• Causative agent: HSV-1 or HSV-2
• Definition – “infection acquired peri-natally or postnatally without clinical manifestations at birth or in the first 24 hours of life but with subsequent clinical manifestations in the neonatal period (age less than 29 days)”
• ED prevalence:
  • 0.2% all neonates
  • 0.3% febrile neonates
  • 0.5% neonates undergoing LP
• Prevalence similar to meningitis (0.4%) in neonates presenting for SBI
• Risk associated with age <3 weeks, primary maternal HSV infection at delivery

Risk Factors in Neonatal Fever

^Acyclovir if:

• HSV infection in baby or mother
• CSF pleocytoisis
• Concerning skin lesions
• Seizures
• Abnormal LFTs

Classification

• Whitney-Kimberlin disease categories
  • Disseminated (liver, lung, adrenal glands, skin, eye, brain) - 25%
    • 2/3 have CNS involvement
  • CNS - 30%
  • SEM (skin, eye, mouth) - 45%
    • Conjunctival disease or minor skin lesions may be only manifestation
      • May go on to CNS, disseminated disease - workup and treat the same

Historical Features

• Not sensitive (maternal history of HSV), nor specific (maternal fever, vaginal delivery, preterm birth) (1)
  • 80% of mothers have no history of genital lesions
• Vesicular lesions most specific, present in <1/2
  • Note: absence of vesicular rash does not rule out
• May be well appearing - maintain high clinical suspicion
• Ask about:
  • Temperature instability (fever, hypothermia)
  • Irritability
  • Lethargy
  • Seizures
  • Respiratory distress

Clinical Features

• General
  • Temperature instability (febrile or hypothermic)
  • May be well appearing in SEM
• Disseminated
  • Neutropenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hepatitis
  • Pneumonitis
  • DIC
  • +/- CNS disease
• CNS
  • Hypotonia
  • Seizures
  • Abnormal brain imaging
  • Abnormal EEG
  • CSF pleocytosis and/or proteinosis
• SEM
  • Characteristic skin lesions of HSV – skin, eye (kerato-conjunctivitis), or mouth
  • No evidence of systemic or CNS infection

Diagnosis

• CBC with differential
• Chem
• LFT
• Blood, urine culture
• LP with CSF studies
• Perform PCR/culture of:
  • Any visible lesions
  • Conjunctiva, nasopharynx, mouth, anus
    • Even in the absence of lesions
• Consider CXR for respiratory symptoms
• Suspected disease should get CT and EEG
• Suspected ocular involvement should get optho consult

Management

• Acyclovir 20 mg/kg IV every 8 hours (duration depends on classification)
• If ocular involvement:
  • 1% trifluridine, 0.1% iododeoxyuridine, or 3% vidarabine
  • Optho consult
• As for any febrile neonate SBI evaluation:
  • Ampicillin + gentamycin
    • May substitute gentamycin with cefotaxime/ceftazidime
• If concerned for SBI, as with any febrile neonate add:
  • Ampicillin + gentamycin
    • May substitute gentamycin with cefotaxime/ceftazidime

Disposition

• Any neonate with suspected HSV (especially if CSF pleocytosis) should be treated and admitted
  • Consider covering all febrile neonates regardless pending CSF and culture studies

Outcomes

• SEM with treatment - all survive
• Mortality high with CNS (4%) or disseminated (29%) even with treatment (3)

Bottom Line

• Always consider neonatal HSV and perform appropriate workup and treatment if:
  • Evidence of vesicular rash (even if minor)
  • Kerato-conjunctivitis
  • Seizure
  • Poor feeding
  • Lethargy
  • Irritability
  • Respiratory distress
  • Sepsis
  • Temperature instability
  • CSF pleocytosis
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Transaminitis
  • SBI workups

See Also

• Neonatal conjunctivitis
• Pediatric fever of uncertain source
• Herpes viruses