Empyema: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
*Pleural space infections with | *Pleural space infections with + Gram stain/culture '''OR''' parapneumonic effusions without pleural fluid sampling | ||
* | *Stages | ||
* | *#Exudative - Free-flowing pleural effusion amenable to chest tube drainage; may only last <48hr | ||
*#Fibrinopurulent - Loculations develop making resolution with single chest tube drainage unlikely | |||
* | *#Organizational - Takes several weeks to develop; "pleural peel" restricts lung expansion | ||
* | |||
==Causes== | ===Causes=== | ||
*[[Pneumonia]] (most common) | |||
*Complications of [[thoracic trauma|chest]] or [[abdominal trauma]] | |||
*[[Esophageal perforation]] | |||
*Extension from [[lung abscess]] | |||
*[[Osteomyelitis]] or other near pleural infections | |||
*[[Hemothorax]], [[chylothorax]], or [[hydrothorax]] that becomes infected | |||
== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
* | *[[Fever]] | ||
* | *[[Shortness of breath]] | ||
* | *Anorexia | ||
** | *Night sweats | ||
** | *Pleuritic [[chest pain]] | ||
* | *[[Hemoptysis]] | ||
*Recent diagnosis and/or treatment for [[Pneumonia]] | |||
*History of penetrating [[chest trauma]] or [[diaphragmatic injury]]<ref>Barmparas G, DuBose J, Teixeira PG, Recinos G, Inaba K, Plurad D. Risk factors for empyema after diaphragmatic injury: results of a National Trauma Databank analysis. J Trauma. Jun 2009;66(6):1672-6</ref> | |||
== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
*[[Pneumonia]] | |||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | |||
*[[Tuberculosis]] | |||
*[[Pleural Effusion]] | |||
*[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] (wegener's) | |||
*[[Pulmonary embolism]] | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
===Work Up=== | |||
*CBC | |||
*[[CXR]] | |||
*[[Thoracentesis]] | |||
*Sputum Culture -- Acid Fast Bacilli (If TB suspected) | |||
*Pulse Ox | |||
*[[ABG interpretation]] | |||
*Blood Cultures | |||
===Evaluation=== | |||
*Aspiration of grossly purulent pleural fluid on [[thoracentesis]] and at least 1 of the following:<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807499-overview</ref> | |||
**+ Gram stain or culture | |||
**WBC count > 50,000 cells/µL (or polymorphonuclear leukocyte count of 1,000 IU/dL) | |||
**Pleural fluid glucose <60 | |||
**pH <7.2 | |||
**LDH >1000 IU/mL | |||
==Management== | |||
*Treat underlying disease | *Treat underlying disease | ||
*Perform thoracentesis | *[[O2]] if [[Hypoxemia]] | ||
* | *Perform [[thoracentesis]] vs. [[chest tube]] if evidence of respiratory distress | ||
**Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375-4.5gm q6hr IV or imipenem 0.5-1gm q6hr | **May need Video-Assisted Thoracic surgery (VATS) | ||
**Consider adding vancomycin if | *[[Antibiotics]] | ||
**[[Piperacillin-tazobactam]] 3.375-4.5gm q6hr IV or [[imipenem]] 0.5-1gm q6hr | |||
**Consider adding [[vancomycin]] if patient at risk for [[MRSA]] | |||
{{Chest tube size table}} | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Admit | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Pleural | *[[Pleural effusion]] | ||
*[[Pneumonia]] | |||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | |||
*[[Tuberculosis]] | |||
== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:ID]] | [[Category:ID]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pulmonary]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:22, 15 January 2021
Background
- Pleural space infections with + Gram stain/culture OR parapneumonic effusions without pleural fluid sampling
- Stages
- Exudative - Free-flowing pleural effusion amenable to chest tube drainage; may only last <48hr
- Fibrinopurulent - Loculations develop making resolution with single chest tube drainage unlikely
- Organizational - Takes several weeks to develop; "pleural peel" restricts lung expansion
Causes
- Pneumonia (most common)
- Complications of chest or abdominal trauma
- Esophageal perforation
- Extension from lung abscess
- Osteomyelitis or other near pleural infections
- Hemothorax, chylothorax, or hydrothorax that becomes infected
Clinical Features
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Anorexia
- Night sweats
- Pleuritic chest pain
- Hemoptysis
- Recent diagnosis and/or treatment for Pneumonia
- History of penetrating chest trauma or diaphragmatic injury[1]
Differential Diagnosis
- Pneumonia
- Sarcoidosis
- Tuberculosis
- Pleural Effusion
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener's)
- Pulmonary embolism
Evaluation
Work Up
- CBC
- CXR
- Thoracentesis
- Sputum Culture -- Acid Fast Bacilli (If TB suspected)
- Pulse Ox
- ABG interpretation
- Blood Cultures
Evaluation
- Aspiration of grossly purulent pleural fluid on thoracentesis and at least 1 of the following:[2]
- + Gram stain or culture
- WBC count > 50,000 cells/µL (or polymorphonuclear leukocyte count of 1,000 IU/dL)
- Pleural fluid glucose <60
- pH <7.2
- LDH >1000 IU/mL
Management
- Treat underlying disease
- O2 if Hypoxemia
- Perform thoracentesis vs. chest tube if evidence of respiratory distress
- May need Video-Assisted Thoracic surgery (VATS)
- Antibiotics
- Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375-4.5gm q6hr IV or imipenem 0.5-1gm q6hr
- Consider adding vancomycin if patient at risk for MRSA
Adult Chest Tube Sizes
| Chest Tube Size | Type of Patient | Underlying Causes |
| Small (8-14 Fr) |
|
|
| Medium (20-28 Fr) |
|
|
| Large (36-40 Fr) |
|
Disposition
- Admit
See Also
References
- ↑ Barmparas G, DuBose J, Teixeira PG, Recinos G, Inaba K, Plurad D. Risk factors for empyema after diaphragmatic injury: results of a National Trauma Databank analysis. J Trauma. Jun 2009;66(6):1672-6
- ↑ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807499-overview
- ↑ Inaba Et. al J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Feb;72(2):422-7.
- ↑ Advanced Trauma Life Support® Update 2019: Management and Applications for Adults and Special Populations.