Acute arterial ischemia: Difference between revisions
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*Sudden decrease in perfusion that may result in irreversible limb loss
*Sudden decrease in perfusion that may result in irreversible limb loss
**Amputation occurs in 10%-15% of patients during hospitalization<ref>Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45 Suppl S:S5-S67. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037</ref>
**Amputation occurs in 10%-15% of patients during hospitalization<ref>Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45 Suppl S:S5-S67. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037</ref>
*Etiology may be thrombotic or embolic
*Etiology may be thrombotic (80%) or embolic (20%)<ref>Mitchell ME, Carpenter JP. Overview of acute arterial occlusion of the extremities (acute limb ischemia). In: Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-acute-arterial-occlusion-of-the-extremities-acute-limb-ischemia?source=search_result&search=Classification%20of%20acute%20extremity%20ischemia&selectedTitle=1~90#H506059593.Last updated: May 30, 2016. Accessed: December 12, 2016.</ref>
**Thrombosis occurs in vessels with existing atherosclerosis  
**Thrombosis occurs in vessels with existing atherosclerosis  
***Generally have formed collateral circulation
***Generally have formed collateral circulation

Revision as of 01:49, 25 June 2021

Background

  • Sudden decrease in perfusion that may result in irreversible limb loss
    • Amputation occurs in 10%-15% of patients during hospitalization[1]
  • Etiology may be thrombotic (80%) or embolic (20%)[2]
    • Thrombosis occurs in vessels with existing atherosclerosis
      • Generally have formed collateral circulation
    • Embolism occurs in vessels usually free of atherosclerosis
      • Generally do not have existing collateral circulation
      • Results in higher level of limb ischemia than thrombosis

Clinical Features

6 Ps

  • Pain - Claudication or pain with leg elevation; typically earliest sign
  • Paraesthesia - May be associated with weakness; preservation of light touch is good guide to viability
  • Pallor
  • Paralysis
  • Pulselessness - May be accompanied by skin changes; late finding
  • Poikilothermia - Limb is cool to touch when compared to other side; late finding

Differential Diagnosis

Blue Digit

Foot diagnoses

Acute

Subacute/Chronic

Evaluation

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

Ankle-Brachial Index performance.

How to measure:

  1. Position patient supine
  2. Measure SBP from both brachial arteries using cuff and handheld Doppler over the AC fossa
  3. Measure SBP from both DP and PT arteries using cuff placed just proximal to the malleoli with Doppler over artery (5-8% of normal patients have absent DP pulse)
  4. Calculate ABI on each leg by taking the highest ankle SBP (between DP and PT) on that leg divided by the highest brachial SBP and record to 2 decimal places
ABI Meaning
<0.40 Severe occlusion
0.40–0.69 Moderate occlusion
0.70–0.90 Mild occlusion
0.91–1.30 Normal
>1.30 Poorly compressible/calcified vessels

Imaging

  • Formal angiogram considered gold standard
  • CTA as a diagnostic is near the level of formal angiography (96% sensitive, 95% specific)[3]
  • US is sensitive for proximal extremity occlusions, but sensitivity markedly falls off distally and is operator dependent

Thrombosis vs Embolus

Key features Thrombosis Embolus
Source Usually unknown Heart (A-fib most common)
History PAD, claudication Less likely to have PAD and claudication
Physical exam Absent pulse. Consistent with PAD: hair loss, thickened nails etc Absent pulse. Usually no evidence of PAD
Degree of arthersclerosis Diffuse Minimal
Collaterals Well-developed Few

Rutherford Classification

Rutherford classification.PNG

Rutherford Classfication

Management

  • Unfractionated heparin
    • 80 units/kg bolus → 18units/kg/hr gtt
  • ASA
  • Dependent positioning
  • Pain control
  • Vascular surgery consultation (clot retrieval, balloon angioplasty, intraarterial tPA, stenting, bypass)
    • Management of embolism = embolectomy (limb salvage decreases after 4-6 hours)
    • Management of thrombus = intra-arterial thrombolysis (if non-limb threatening), thrombectomy (if limb-threatening ischmia)
  • Interventional radiology if delay in vascular surgery intervention or if unavailable

Disposition

  • Admit

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45 Suppl S:S5-S67. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037
  2. ↑ Mitchell ME, Carpenter JP. Overview of acute arterial occlusion of the extremities (acute limb ischemia). In: Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-acute-arterial-occlusion-of-the-extremities-acute-limb-ischemia?source=search_result&search=Classification%20of%20acute%20extremity%20ischemia&selectedTitle=1~90#H506059593.Last updated: May 30, 2016. Accessed: December 12, 2016.
  3. ↑ Jens S, Koelemay MJ, Reekers JA, Bipat S. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in patients with critical limb ischaemia and intermittent claudication: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(11):3104-3114. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2933-8
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