Cerebral palsy: Difference between revisions
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*Mental retardation (30-50%)<ref>Russman BS, Ashwal S. Evaluation of the child with cerebral palsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Mar. 11(1):47-57.</ref> | *Mental retardation (30-50%)<ref>Russman BS, Ashwal S. Evaluation of the child with cerebral palsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Mar. 11(1):47-57.</ref> | ||
*Epilepsy (15-60%) | *Epilepsy (15-60%) | ||
*Disease classified according to resting tone and limb involvement | |||
==Classification<ref>Stanley F, Blair E, Alberman E. Cerebal Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways. London, United Kingdom: MacKeith Press; 2000</ref>== | |||
*Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type, ~80% of cases | |||
====Spastic diplegia (30-40%)==== | |||
*Bilateral lower extremities effected more than upper extremities or sole involvement of lower extremities. | |||
====Spastic hemiplegia (20-30%)==== | |||
*One side of the body effected, including an upper and lower extremity | |||
*Upper extremity spasticity effected more than lower extremity | |||
**Double hemiplegia: when both arms are more involved than the legs | |||
====Spastic quadriplegia (10-15%)==== | |||
*Cerebral palsy affecting all 4 extremities and the trunk (full body) | |||
====Dyskinetic cerebral palsy==== | |||
*Athetoid, choreoathetoid, and dystonic | |||
*Extrapyramidal signs characterized by abnormal movements; hypertonicity | |||
====Mixed cerebral palsy==== | |||
*Mixture of spastic and dyskinetic components without predominant area | |||
====Hypotonic cerebral palsy==== | |||
*Rare: Truncal and extremity hypotonia with hyperreflexia and persistent primitive reflexes | |||
====Monoplegia==== | |||
*Rare: One limb involved, either an arm or a leg | |||
*Must rule out other causes. | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 04:01, 18 February 2016
Background
- Leading cause of childhood disability effecting function and development.
- Defined as a group of disorders involving motor or postural abnormalities that are noted during early development[1]
- Injury occurs during fetal or neonatal period up to 3 yrs. Official diagnosis may not be made until 3 years of age[2]
Clinical Features
- Mental retardation (30-50%)[3]
- Epilepsy (15-60%)
- Disease classified according to resting tone and limb involvement
Classification[4]
- Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type, ~80% of cases
Spastic diplegia (30-40%)
- Bilateral lower extremities effected more than upper extremities or sole involvement of lower extremities.
Spastic hemiplegia (20-30%)
- One side of the body effected, including an upper and lower extremity
- Upper extremity spasticity effected more than lower extremity
- Double hemiplegia: when both arms are more involved than the legs
Spastic quadriplegia (10-15%)
- Cerebral palsy affecting all 4 extremities and the trunk (full body)
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
- Athetoid, choreoathetoid, and dystonic
- Extrapyramidal signs characterized by abnormal movements; hypertonicity
Mixed cerebral palsy
- Mixture of spastic and dyskinetic components without predominant area
Hypotonic cerebral palsy
- Rare: Truncal and extremity hypotonia with hyperreflexia and persistent primitive reflexes
Monoplegia
- Rare: One limb involved, either an arm or a leg
- Must rule out other causes.
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Disposition
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Mutch L, Alberman E, Hagberg B, Kodama K, Perat MV. Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going?. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992 Jun. 34(6):547-51.
- ↑ Shevell MI, Bodensteiner JB. Cerebral palsy: defining the problem. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Mar. 11(1):2-4.
- ↑ Russman BS, Ashwal S. Evaluation of the child with cerebral palsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Mar. 11(1):47-57.
- ↑ Stanley F, Blair E, Alberman E. Cerebal Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways. London, United Kingdom: MacKeith Press; 2000