Trauma (peds)

Background

• Key is to recognize and treat shock early (before blood pressure decreases),
  • once child has signsigns and symptomsymptoms of shock, may have lost 25% of blood volume
• BP not usually helpful sign of blood loss in pediatric patients
  • Kids more effective at increasing HR and stroke volume, so can have high, low, or normal BP in shock
  • pulse pressure is helpful
• 80% of pediatric trauma deaths associated with neurological injury (see pediatric head trauma)

Pediatric car seat rules

Age	Type of Car Seat	Position	Comments
<2 years old	Infant-only or convertible car seat	Back seat, rear-facing	If child height or weight > seat limit (usually ~40-65lbs), go to next age up
2-8 years old	Convertible or combination car seat	Back seat, forward-facing	If child height or weight > seat limit, go to next age up
8-12 years old	Booster seat	Back seat, forward-facing	If child height or weight > seat limit (usually 4' 9"), go to next age up
12-13 years old	Lap and shoulder seat belt	Front or back seat, forward-facing

Clinical Features

• Peds assessment triad: appearance, work of breathing & circulation (skin color)
• Child's size allows for distribution of injuries
  • multi-system trauma is common
  • internal organs more susceptible to injury due to anterior placement of liver and spleen (as well as less protective muscle & fat)
  • Kidneys also less well protected and more mobile, prone to decelleration injury
• Wadell Triad in auto vs. pedestrian child= femoral shaft fracture, intraabdominal/intrathoracic injury, and contralateral head injury

Differential Diagnosis

• Standard trauma injuries plus:
• Child abuse
• SCIWORA
• Chance fracture

Evaluation

• Consider:

CT abdomen/pelvis

Significant intra-abdominal injury after blunt torso trauma highly unlikely (0.1%) if all of the following are true:

• Glasgow coma scale ≥14
• No evidence of abdominal wall trauma or seat belt sign
• No abdominal tenderness
• No complaints of abdominal pain
• No vomiting
• No thoracic wall trauma
• No decreased breath sounds

Management

• ATLS
• In ED give IVF at 20cc/kg, if unresponsive after 40cc/kg give PRBC at 10cc/kg (can start with PRBC if presents in decompensated shock & multip injuries suspected)

See Also

• Pediatric head trauma
• Trauma (main)

External Links

• Pediatric Emergency Playbook Podcast -- Multisystem Trauma in Children Part One: Airway, Chest Tubes, and Resuscitative Thoracotomy
• Pediatric Emergency Playbook Podcast -- Multisystem Trauma in Children Part Two: Massive Transfusion, Trauma Imaging, and Resuscitative Pearls

References

• Holmes JF et al. Identifying Children at Very Low Risk of Clinically Important Blunt Abdominal Injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2013