Acute urinary retention

Background

• Urologic emergency characterized by sudden inability to pass urine
• Most common cause is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
• Rare in women

Clinical Features

• Suprapubic abdominal distention and/or pain
• Frequency, urgency, hesitancy, dribbling, decrease in voiding stream

Differential Diagnosis

Urinary retention

• Obstructive causes
  • BPH
  • Prostate cancer
  • Blood clot
  • Urethral Stricture
  • Bladder Calculi
  • Bladder neoplasm
  • Foreign body, urethral or bladder
  • Ovarian/uterine tumor
  • Incarcerated uterus
• Neurogenic causes
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Parkinson's
  • Brain tumor
  • Cerebral vascular disease
  • Cauda equina syndrome
  • Spinal cord compression (non-traumatic)
  • Intervertebral disk herniation
  • Neuropathy
  • Nerve injury from pelvic surgery
  • Postoperative retention
• Trauma
  • Urethral injury
  • Bladder injury
  • Spinal cord injury
• Extraurinary causes
  • Perirectal or pelvic abscesses
  • Rectal or retroperitoneal masses
  • Fecal impaction
  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
• Psychogenic causes
  • Psychosexual stress
  • Acute anxiety
• Infection
  • Cystitis
  • Prostatitis
  • Herpes Simplex (genital)
  • Herpes Zoster involving pelvic region
  • Local Abscess
  • PID
• Meds
  • Anticholinergics
  • Antihistamines
  • Cold meds
  • Sympathomimetics
  • TCA
  • Muscle relaxants
  • Opioids

Evaluation

• UA/Urine cultures
• Chemistry
• CBC (if suspect infection or massive hematuria)
• Bedside ultrasound (to verify retention)
  • Incomplete retention is PVR > 50ml and > 100ml in patients > 65 years of age
  • Post-void residual of 150-200 cc is particularly concerning

Management

Bladder Decompression

• Urethral catheterization
  • Pass 14-18F Foley catheter (larger if blood clots)
  • Rate of decompression: rapid complete drainage
    • At one time, rapid complete bladder decompression was thought to increase the rate of potential complications, however partial drainage and clamping does not reduce these complications and may increase risk for UTI
• If unable to pass Foleyconsider:
  • Coude catheter
  • Suprapubic catheterization

Other Considerations

• Blood clot
  • Use 20-24F triple-lumen catheter to irrigate bladder until clear
• α-blocker (outpatient) - Tamsulosin 0.4mg qday
  • Results in significant increase in voiding success
  • Possibility of hypotension with med use
• Bladder spasm
  • Oxybutinin 2.5mg TID
    • Note: Anticholinergic so can cause urinary retention
• Urology consult
  • Consider for precipitated retention (stricture, prostatitis, cancer) or need for suprapubic catheterization

Disposition

• Consider admission for:
  • Postobstructive diuresis >200cc/hr
  • Elevated BUN/Cr
  • Clot retention
  • Hematuria
  • Neurologic cause
• Otherwise consider discharge with catheter and urology follow up in 1 week

See Also

• Coude catheter