Diabetes medications: Difference between revisions
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==Insulin==
==Insulin==
[[File:Insulin.jpg]]
[[File:Insulin.jpg]]
==Biguanides (Metformin)==
#Suppresses liver glucose production
#Metformin 500mg PO BID is first-line agent for type II diabetics
##Do not prescribe if Cr > 1.4 (GFR <40), CHF, hepatic insufficiency, ETOH abuse
##Should be withheld for 48hr after IV contrast
#Side Effects
##Lactic acidosis (due to increased lactate production)
###Seen almost exclusively in pts with renal failure
###Signs of lactic acidosis: nausea/vomiting, abd pain, tachypnia, lethargy
##Nausea, diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain


==Sulfonylureas==
==Sulfonylureas==
#increase insulin secretion and enhance activity
#Increases insulin secretion (glipizide, glyburide)
#second and third gen sulfonyls are lipid soluble so penetrate cell mem better and have selective binding
#Hypoglycemia is the major adverse effect (esp w/ glyburide)
#stimulate insulin release from panc beta cells by inhibiting atp dependent potassium channel.
#Decrease hepatic insulin clearance= increase insulin conc
#Elevated insulin level feeds back to liver and causes decrease hepatic gluc prod
#Secondary treatment failure from noncompliance, wt gain, desensitized beta cells, and escalating insulin resistance and increased insulin deficiency
#Sulfon has hepatic metab, renal exretion and prolonged activity
#Toxicity related to hypoglycemia
#Risk factors for hypoG- elderly, poor diet, alcohol, renal/ hepatic dz, polypharmacy
#Time to peak effect and duration of effect important in OD
#Chlorpropamide, glyburide and glypizide most likely to cause hypoG
#Do not use glyburide in pt with CRI since renally excreted
#If pt well and young, will not get hypoG during fast due to counterregulatory hormones for glucose homeostasis
#Chlorpropamide can cause hyponatremia regardless of dose- induces ADH secretion- risk increases with elderly and if on thiazide diuretics
#Chlorpropamide can also give cholestatic jaundice, resolves with discontinuation
#Glypizide- enterohepatic recirculation- prolonged action if liver dz. Long duration of action since metabolite still active. All metabolites renally cleared
 
==Biguanides==
#E.g. Metformin, buformin
#Metformin does not cause wt gain like sulfonyls
#Effect is to decrease hep glucose prod, inhibit intestinal glucose absorption
##Also decreases fatty acid oxidation
#Increases insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin resistance
#Decrease sugar of DM pt not same as nl person so is antihyperglycemic agent not hypoglycemic agent
#100% renal excretion
#Most serious side effect is lactic acidosis due to increased lactate production
#Signs of lactic acidosis
##Nausea/vomiting, abd pain, sleepy, tachypnia, lethargy
##Seen mostly if renal/ liver dz, alcohol, heart dz, infection
#Metformin exclusion criteria
##CRI, cardiac/ pulm insuff, h/o lactosis, profound infectionc, liver dz, alcohol, iv contrast agents
#fatality from metformn lactosis not related to lactate levels or metformin level but rather to concomitant condition (hypoxia) resulting in elevated lactate
#OD- hypoglycemia rare, can get lactosis- obs for 6-8 hr and tx c bicarb and consider hemodialysis


==Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors==
==Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors==
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==Source ==
==Source ==
6/06 MISTRY
Tintinalli


[[Category:Endo]]
[[Category:Endo]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Revision as of 07:11, 27 September 2011

Background

  1. Hypoglycemics
    1. Sulfonylureas
    2. Benzoic acid derivatives
  2. Antihyperglycemics
    1. Biguanides
    2. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
    3. Thiazolidinediones

Insulin

Insulin.jpg

Biguanides (Metformin)

  1. Suppresses liver glucose production
  2. Metformin 500mg PO BID is first-line agent for type II diabetics
    1. Do not prescribe if Cr > 1.4 (GFR <40), CHF, hepatic insufficiency, ETOH abuse
    2. Should be withheld for 48hr after IV contrast
  3. Side Effects
    1. Lactic acidosis (due to increased lactate production)
      1. Seen almost exclusively in pts with renal failure
      2. Signs of lactic acidosis: nausea/vomiting, abd pain, tachypnia, lethargy
    2. Nausea, diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain

Sulfonylureas

  1. Increases insulin secretion (glipizide, glyburide)
  2. Hypoglycemia is the major adverse effect (esp w/ glyburide)

Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors

  1. acarbose, miglitol, voglibose
  2. competitively and reversibly inhibit alpha glucosidase brush border hydrolase enzyme- makes postprandial decrease in carbohydrate absorption since complex polysaccharides not broken down into absorbable monosaccharides
  3. does not affect lactose absorption
  4. if hypoG- sucrose/ table sugar will not work- use glucose- po or iv
  5. take these meds with each meal with first bite
  6. since limited aborption, stays in gut and side effects mostly GI- bloating, gas, diarrhea
  7. contraindications- cirrhosis, IBD, malabsorption synd
  8. alpha glucs do not cause hypoG when used as monotx
  9. acarbose- can cause transaminitis/ liver inj
  10. since min absorption- systemic tox from OD unlikely

Thiazolidinediones

  1. rosiglitazone and poiglitazone
  2. enhance insulin effect on muscle, fat, liver without increasing panc insulin secretion
  3. protein bound and hep metab- not good if liver dz
  4. side effects- induce ovulation, increase plasma vol bad if CHF, decrease effectiveness of OCP's

Benzoic Acid Derivatives

  1. repaglinide- mono or combo tx c metformin
  2. binds to atp dependent potassium channel like sulfonyls but at different site.
  3. Unlike sulfonyls, it decreases insulin lvls
  4. Dose 30 min before meal to decrease post prandial hyperglycemia

Source

Tintinalli

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