Template:Back pain red flags

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Back Pain Risk factors and probability of Fracture or Malignancy[1]

Factor Post Test Probability (95%CI)
Older Age (>65yo) 9% (3-25%)
Prolonged corticosteroid 33% (10-67%)
Severe trauma 11% (8-16%)
Presence of contusion or abrasion 62% (49-74%)
Multiple red flags 90% (34-99%)
History of malignancy 33% (22-46%)
  1. Downie A, et al. Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2013; 347:f7095. [1]